Implemented Catmull–Clark and other subdivision algorithms from scratch by studying and translating the original research papers into code.

• Developed a custom Python/C++ pipeline for mesh refinement, producing smooth high-resolution surfaces from coarse polygonal meshes.

• Validated algorithm performance on synthetic and imported 3D models, achieving continuous surface generation with error <2% relative to analytical baselines.

• Demonstrated mesh refinement on complex geometries and enabling downstream applications in rendering, CAD modeling, and simulation preprocessing.

• Produced visualizations (polygonal vs. subdivided surfaces) to illustrate the improvement in geometric continuity and smoothness.